Semaglutide

Indications

Semaglutide is used for: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Adult Dose

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus Subcutaneous 0.25 mg SC once weekly for 4 weeks initially; THEN increase the dosage to 0.5 mg once weekly If glycemic control not achieved after at least 4 weeks on 0.5-mg dose, can increase to 1 mg once weekly The initial 0.25-mg dose is intended for treatment initiation and is not effective for glycemic control Oral Initially, 3 mg once daily for 1 month, then increased to 7 mg once daily for at least 1 month. If additional glycaemic control is necessary, may further increase dose up to Max 14 mg once daily. Taking two 7-mg tablets to achieve 14 mg dose is not recommended

Child Dose

<18 years: Safety and efficacy not established

Renal Dose

Renal impairment No dosage adjustment required

Administration

SC Administration Administer SC to abdomen, thigh, or upper arm Administer once weekly, on the same day each week, at any time of the day, with or without meals Day of weekly administration can be changed if necessary as long as the time between 2 doses is at least 2 days (>48 hours) Use a different injection site each week when injecting in the same body region

Contra Indications

Personal or family history of MTC or in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type 2 (MEN 2) Known hypersensitivity to semaglutide or to any of the product components

Precautions

Based on findings in rats and mice, semaglutide may cause thyroid C-cell tumors including MTC, in humans as human relevance of semaglutide-induced rodent thyroid C-cell tumors has not been determined (see Black Box Warnings) In control trials, acute pancreatitis was confirmed by adjudication in 7 semaglutide-treated patients (0.3 cases per 100 patient years); one case of chronic pancreatitis was confirmed in an semaglutide-treated patient; after initiating treatment, monitor for signs and symptoms of pancreatitis (eg, persistent severe abdominal pain, sometimes radiating to the back and which may or may not be accompanied by vomiting) Patients with a history of diabetic retinopathy may have an increased risk for diabetic retinopathy complications; rapid improvement in glucose control has been associated with a temporary worsening of diabetic retinopathy Semaglutide pens must never be shared between patients, even if the needle is changed; pen-sharing poses a risk for transmission of blood-borne pathogens Postmarketing reports describe acute kidney injury and worsening of chronic renal failure, which may sometimes require hemodialysis, in patients treated with GLP-1 receptor agonists; a majority of reported events occurred in patients who had experienced nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or dehydration; monitor renal function when initiating or escalating doses of semaglutide in patients reporting severe adverse gastrointestinal reactions

Pregnancy-Lactation

Pregnancy Data are limited regarding use in pregnant women Based on animal reproduction studies, there may be potential risks to the fetus from exposure to semaglutide during pregnancy; should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus Discontinue treatment in women at least 2 months before a planned pregnancy, owing to the long washout period for semaglutide Clinical Considerations Poorly controlled diabetes during pregnancy increases maternal risk for diabetic ketoacidosis, preeclampsia, spontaneous abortions, preterm delivery, stillbirth, and delivery complications Poorly controlled diabetes increases fetal risk for major birth defects, stillbirth, and macrosomia-related morbidity Lactation There are no data on the presence of semaglutide in human milk, the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effects on milk production In lactating rats, semaglutide was detected in milk at levels 3- to 12-fold lower than in maternal plasma

Interactions

Coadministration with insulin secretagogues (eg, sulfonylureas) or insulin may increase the risk of hypoglycemia; consider a lower dose of the secretagogue or insulin to reduce risk of hypoglycemia in this setting Exercise caution when semaglutide is concomitantly administered with oral medications; semaglutide causes a delay of gastric emptying, thereby potentially impacting oral absorption of such medications

Side Effects

Side effects of Semaglutide : >10% Nausea (15.8-20.3%) Documented symptomatic hypoglycemia, adjunctive therapy [≤70 mg/dL glucose threshold] (16.7-29.8%) Severe or symptomatic hypoglycemia, adjunctive therapy [≤56 mg/dL glucose threshold] ( 8.3-10.7%) 1-10% Vomiting (5-9.2%) Diarrhea (8.5-8.8%) Abdominal pain (5.7-7.3%) Constipation (3.1-5%) Dyspepsia (2.7-3.5%) Eructation (1.1-2.7%) Documented symptomatic hypoglycemia, monotherapy [≤70 mg/dL glucose threshold] (1.6-3.8%) Flatulence (0.4-1.5%) Gastroesophageal reflux disease (1.5-1.9%) <1% Gastritis (0.4-0.8%) Cholelithiasis (0.4%) Fatigue (>0.4%) Dysgeusia (>0.4%) Dizziness (>0.4%) Injection site reaction (0.2%)

Mode of Action

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonist Incretins, such as GLP-1, enhance glucose-dependent insulin secretion by pancreatic beta-cells, suppresses inappropriately elevated glucagon secretion, and slows gastric emptying